I recently purchased an audio book as mp3s and it arrived with filenames as 39483053_001.mp3, 39483053_002.mp3 and so on with an incremental counter at the end.

To change just the numeric ID into something more meaningful, you can run this shell command in bash:

for file in *.mp3 ; do mv $file ${file//39483053/audio-book-name} ; done

It will loop over all .mp3 files and for each, replace 39483053 with audio-book-name.

If the files are expected (or can) have spaces in them, you can wrap the first $file into double quotes (as in, "$file") and the parameter expansion part as well ("${file//39483053/audio-book-name}").